Electrical stimulation of injured nerves promotes recovery in animals and humans
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The frequent poor functional outcomes after delayed surgical repair of injured human peripheral nerves results in progressive downregulation of growth-associated genes in parallel with reduced neuronal regenerative capacity under each of the experimental conditions of chronic axotomy of neurones that remain without target contact, chronic distal nerve stump denervation, and chronic muscle denervation. Brief (1 h) low-frequency (20 Hz) electrical stimulation (ES) accelerates the outgrowth of regenerating axons across the surgical site of microsurgical repair of a transected nerve. Exercise programmes also promote nerve regeneration with the combination of ES and exercise being the most effective. An ES conditioning lesion of intact nerve (CES) accelerates both axonal outgrowth and regeneration rate after the surgical repair of a more distal injury to the nerve, in contrast to ES of a repaired injury nerve that accelerates only the axon outgrowth. A CES accelerates both axonal outgrowth and regeneration rate after the surgical repair of a more distal injury to the nerve, in contrast to ES of a repaired injury nerve that accelerates only the axon outgrowth. The loss of contractility of permanently denervated muscles in cauda equinae-injured patients with accompanying severe loss of muscle mass, disarray of thick and thin contractile filaments, and disorganization of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that controls calcium delivery to the filaments, is alleviated by a 2-year programme of daily ES of the quadriceps muscle. These findings hold promise for recovery and rehabilitation in patients who suffer injury to the neuromuscular system. KEY POINTS: Poor functional outcomes after delayed surgical repair of injured human peripheral nerves are replicated by chronic neuronal axotomy, Schwann cell denervation in a nerve autograft, and muscle denervation. Exponential decline in expression of growth-associated genes accompanies the same decline in regenerative capacity. Brief (1 h) low-frequency (20 Hz) electrical stimulation (ES) that generates action potential conduction to the neuronal soma accelerates the outgrowth of regenerating axons across the surgical repair site of the transected nerve, even after delayed surgery. The same ES regimen accelerates muscle reinnervation in patients with chronic nerve injury who undergo carpal tunnel syndrome release surgery. A 2-year programme of daily ES of permanently denervated quadriceps muscles in cauda equinae-injured patients reinstated their contractility and organization.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".