A Wearable High-Voltage Functional Electrical Stimulator with Sub-20 ns Switching Time for Stimulation with Reduced Pain
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a wearable high-voltage functional electrical stimulation (FES) device. Compared to conventional FES devices, the proposed design aims to offer users a more comfortable therapeutic experience. This is enabled by achieving a sub- 20 ns fast switching time, activating muscles but fewer pain receptors. The FES device is equipped with a high compliance voltage up to 135 V, designed to accommodate different muscle groups and is suitable for users with varying skin conductance levels. At the core of the FES system is a switched capacitor (SC) stimulator for fast switching, and a flyback converter responsible for stepping up the battery voltage. The system incorporates only off-the-shelf components, which significantly lowers the prototyping cost. The proposed design methods are applicable across a wide range of applications in neural rehabilitation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".