Wave Height Estimation From Radar Images Under Rainy Conditions Based on Context-Aware Segmentation and Iterative Dehazing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study introduces a novel approach to mitigate the impact of rain on significant wave height (SWH) measurements using X-band marine radar. First, the proposed method uses a transformer-based segmentation model, SegFormer, to divide radar images into four distinct regions: clear wave signatures, rain-contaminated areas, low backscatter areas, and wind-dominated rain areas. Given that radar wave signatures in rain-contaminated regions are significantly blurred, this segmentation step identifies regions with clear wave signatures, ensuring subsequent analysis to be more accurate. Next, an iterative dehazing method, which adaptively enhances image clarity based on gradient standard deviation (GSD), is applied to achieve optimal dehazing effects. Finally, the segmented and dehazed polar radar images are transformed into the Cartesian coordinates, where subimages from valid regions are selected for SWH estimation using the SWHFormer model. The radar dataset used for test was collected from a shipborne Decca radar in a sea area 300 km from Halifax, Canada, in 2008. The SegFormer model demonstrates superior segmentation performance, with 1.3% improvement in accuracy compared with the SegNet-based method. Besides, the iterative dehazing method significantly reduces haze effects in heavily contaminated images, outperforming traditional one-time dehazing methods in both precision and robustness for SWH estimation. Results show that the combination of segmentation and iterative dehazing reduces the root mean square deviation (RMSD) of SWH estimation from 0.42 and 0.33 to 0.28 m, compared with the existing support vector regression (SVR)-based and convolutional gated recurrent unit (CGRU)-based methods, and improves the correlation coefficient (CC) to 0.96. These advancements underscore the potential of integrating segmentation and adaptive dehazing for enhanced radar-based ocean monitoring under challenging meteorological conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".