Pengukuran Susulan Bagi Aset Hartanah, Loji dan Peralatan Sektor Awam: Perbandingan Amalan Semasa di Empat Negara Terpilih
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to identify and compare the basis for subsequent measurement of property, plant and equipment (PPE) assets used in four (4) selected countries, namely the United Kingdom (UK), New Zealand, Australia and Canada. Design/ Methodology/ Approach: Content analysis of documents, including government financial reports, accounting standards and financial report manuals, was carried out. The UK, New Zealand, Australia and Canada were selected because these countries have long used accrual basis accounting, which requires non-financial assets, including PPE assets to be valued and capitalised. Being pioneers in the implementation of accrual basis accounting, their experience in accounting for HLP assets, especially the measurement of the assets, can be used as a guide to be applied in developing countries such as Malaysia. Findings: Overall, for subsequent measurement of public sector PPE assets, both historical cost and current value models are used depending on the type or category of assets identified, except for Canada which only uses the historical cost model. There are similarities between New Zealand and Australia which apply the fair value basis under the current value model for most PPE assets. While unique to the UK, the current operating value basis is used for certain PPE assets such as land and buildings and infrastructure assets. Research Limitations/ Implications: Data for the study was collected from secondary sources and depends entirely on what was reported and contained in the analyzed documents. In addition, only the current practices of four countries were studied, thus it is impossible to generalize to the entire public sector organisation. Practical Implications: The results of the study are expected to be a useful input to suggest the best method of subsequent measurement of PPE assets that can be practiced in the public sector in Malaysia. Next, the findings of the study can be used as a guide by the Accountant General's Department of Malaysia (AGD) to draft accounting standards and policies for the subsequent measurement of public sector PPE assets. Originality/ Value: The study reported in this article includes a comparison of PPE asset subsequent measurement practices in four (4) selected developed countries that have long practiced accrual basis accounting. The results of the study may fuel more studies to examine the implications of each subsequent measurement basis on the performance and financial position of the country and further suggest the best method of subsequent measurement for public sector assets in Malaysia. Keywords: Measurement of the public sector assets, subsequent measurement, basis of asset measurement, current operational value.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".