Testicular pain after living kidney donation: Results from a multicenter cohort study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background Some men who donate a kidney have reported testicular pain after donation; however, attribution to donation is not clear as no prior studies included a comparison group of nondonors. Objective To examine the proportion of male donors who reported testicular pain in the years after nephrectomy compared to male nondonors with similar baseline health characteristics. Design, Participants, and Setting We enrolled 1042 living kidney donors (351 male) before nephrectomy from 17 transplant centers (12 in Canada and 5 in Australia) from 2004–2014. A concurrent sample of 396 nondonors (126 male) was enrolled. Follow-up occurred until November 2021. Measurements Donors and nondonors completed the same schedule of measurements at baseline (before nephrectomy) and follow-up. During follow-up, participants completed a questionnaire asking whether they had experienced new pain in their eyes, hands, or testicles; those who experienced pain were asked to indicate on which side of the body the pain occurred (left or right). The pain questionnaire was completed by 290 of 351 male donors (83%) and 97 of 126 male nondonors (77%) a median of 3 years after baseline (interquartile range 2, 6). Methods Inverse probability of treatment weighting on a propensity score was used to balance donors and nondonors on baseline characteristics. After weighting, the nondonor sample increased to a pseudo sample of 295, and most baseline characteristics were similar between donors and nondonors. Results At baseline, donors (n=290) were a mean age of 49 years; 83% were employed, and 80% were married; 246 (84.8%) underwent laparoscopic surgery and 44 (15.2%) open surgery; 253 (87.2%) had a left-sided nephrectomy and 37 (12.8%) a right-sided nephrectomy. In the weighted analysis, the risk of testicular pain was significantly greater among donors than nondonors: 51/290 (17.6%) vs. 7/295 (2.3%); weighted risk ratio, 7.8 (95% CI, 2.7 to 22.8). Donors and nondonors did not differ statistically in terms of self-reported eye pain or hand pain. Among donors, the occurrence of testicular pain was most often unilateral (92.2%) and on the same side as the nephrectomy (90.2%). Testicular pain occurred more often in donors who had laparoscopic vs. open surgery: 48/246 (19.5%) vs. 3/44 (6.8%) but was similar in those who had a left-sided vs. right-sided nephrectomy: 44/253 (17.4%) vs. 7/37 (18.9%). Limitations Participants recalled their symptoms several years after baseline, and we did not assess the timing, severity, or duration of pain or any treatments received for the pain. Conclusion Unilateral testicular pain on the same side of a nephrectomy is a potential complication of living kidney donation that warrants further investigation. Clinicaltrial.gov record NCT00936078
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".