A Planck scale theory of time, with a fast early cosmological time rate, and rederivations for relativistic energy and time dilation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Among the issues to be resolved between general relativity and quantum mechanics are their differences about time. Block time has been weakened in two areas of its foundations recently: The small-scale reversibility has been falsified by experiments in quantum processes, and spacetime is now widely seen as emerging from unknown physics, rather than fundamental. This leaves room for differences to the nature of time. Here a theory of time is set out, in which light and matter arise in the small-scale structure of space, as waves in the dimensions themselves, traveling on the axes. It reinterprets special relativity, with two rederivations. The reasoning that led to block time, such as Penrose's version with three objects in one frame, is removed via a difference to frames that usually has no effect—the two observers are related to the event separately, as their relationships to it imply different, incompatible, positionings for the axes. This also leads to an explanation for light always moving at the same speed in relation to matter: With several objects moving differently, each is related to the light beam separately. In cosmology, new data suggest galaxies formed earlier than expected, with higher masses. And even earlier, inflation and variable speed of light theories both describe extremely rapid events. Planck scale time (PST) theory includes a specific mechanism for an overall time rate, which starts fast, then slows over time, and is consistent with supernova and gamma ray burst data. This allows galaxies more time to form, and in PST all matter's mass‐energy descends with the time rate (proportional time and energy changes in a gravitational field can be taken in the same way). This can also explain the “downsizing” sequence in galaxy formation, first described in 1996, in which stars in more massive galaxies formed earlier and quicker.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".