Enhancing Anemia Detection With Non-invasive Anemia Detection With AI (NiADA): Insights From Clinical Validations and Physician Observations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Anemia, a critical public health issue, affects nearly two billion people globally. Frequent monitoring of blood hemoglobin levels is essential for managing its burden. While point-of-care testing (POCT) devices facilitate hemoglobin testing in resource-limited settings, most are invasive and have inherent limitations. The Non-Invasive Anemia Detection App (NiADA) (Monere, UT) offers a non-invasive alternative, utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) to estimate hemoglobin levels from images of the lower eyelid. This low-cost, real-time solution employs a custom computer vision deep-learning algorithm for hemoglobin levels, offering significant potential for early diagnosis and management of anemia. Methods This study evaluated NiADA in two phases. In the first phase, its performance was compared to laboratory measurements and the minimally invasive POCT device, Hemocue Hb 301. In this study, the current version of NiADA version 2 (V2) is also compared against the previous version of NiADA version 1 (V1) to show the improvement in the last six months. In the second phase, NiADA's results were compared against hemoglobin estimations made by a group of medical professionals, as well as against lab analyzers. For both phases, NiADA performance was evaluated using the Bland-Altman plot, regression coefficients, percentage of acceptable limit, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Lin's concordance correlation coefficient. Results The mean difference between NiADA-V2 and laboratory-estimated hemoglobin values was -0.11 g/dL, with limits of agreement (LOA) ranging from +2.86 to -2.64 g/dL, where the upper limit is comparable with HemoCue. The NiADA-V2-acceptable range (percentage of samples falling within ±1 g/dL absolute error) increased to 54% compared to 40% in NiADA-V1. Additionally, NiADA outperformed medical professionals, showing a mean difference of 0.07 g/dL compared to medical professionals' 0.42 g/dL. Conclusion NiADA, as a non-invasive application, exhibits performance comparable to minimally invasive tools and other POCT devices. Its accuracy exceeds that of medical professionals, making it a viable option for anemia screening and monitoring, particularly in community medicine and regions with limited healthcare resources.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.010 | 0.029 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".