Tidal forces in collapsing compact objects
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this work, we investigate tidal forces in the Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi (LTB) metric, focusing on both hidden and locally visible singularities. We discuss the strength of these singularities in terms of deformationally strong singularities. Specifically, we analyze tidal forces in LTB spacetime, calculating radial and angular tidal forces and Jacobi fields for the radially comoving shell. To provide a comparative study, we consider both homogeneous and inhomogeneous cases. The matter field distribution at one-time slice can differ significantly from another, highlighting the potential for time-dependent tidal deformation as a distinct observational signature. We focus on a specific feature: the time-varying maximum of stretching in the radial tidal force, which we term the ``critical tidal boundary.'' In the inhomogeneous case, close to singularity time ($t<{t}_{s}$), the magnitudes of tidal forces vary substantially, with significant differences in compressive and stretching forces within a small physical radius $R(t,r)$. The resulting singularity in the LTB metrics at the end state of gravitational collapse appears to be an Ori-strong singularity, characterized by infinite tidal deformation.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".