White-tailed deer limit their spatio-temporal overlap with hikers in a protected area
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The pressure on ecosystems resulting from outdoor recreational activities is increasing globally. Protected areas offer to large mammals refugia free of hunting with greater access to food resources, but the presence of humans for recreation in these areas may induce changes in behaviour, activity pattern, and habitat use. We used camera traps to model the spatial distribution and temporal activity of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in a nature reserve located close to Montreal, the second largest metropole in Canada. We showed that deer limit their overlap with the public both across space and over time. White-tailed deer exhibited their highest activity level early in the morning, prior to the reserve's opening hours, indicating temporal avoidance of the public. Deer were also detected at a higher rate when further away from the hiking trail, although in less suitable habitat, indicating spatial avoidance. Human recreational activities in nature reserves open to the public may thus have an indirect effect on ecosystems, by altering the habitat use and behaviour of wildlife.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".