Federalism and Social Policy Expansion in Canada during the Justin Trudeau Era
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Canadian federalism entrusts subnational entities with responsibility over most social policy areas. Yet, the federal government wields influence over social policy through different institutional paths, including the ability to spend in policy areas located outside its jurisdiction. In this article, we analyze the relationship between federalism and social policy during the successive Justin Trudeau Liberal governments by examining key areas that have witnessed expansion, including childcare, pensions, and health care. Illustrating all three models of federal-provincial social policy relations identified by Banting (2005), these policy areas feature varied institutional configurations that point to the diversity of the relationship between federalism and social policy expansion in Canada. Building on the work of Graefe and Fiorillo (2023), we show that—despite communicating a desire for collaboration and cooperation—the Trudeau governments have advanced a top-down federal social policy agenda in key policy areas.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".