Seasonal sea ice of Foxe Basin, Canada: Spatial and temporal evolution, 1971–2018
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Hudson Bay System of the Canadian Arctic includes Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait and Foxe Basin, with Foxe Basin being the least studied from a climatological perspective. We examined the temporal and spatial variation of seasonal sea ice in Foxe Basin, using time series and spatial clustering analyses. For the period of 1971 to 2018, time series of sea-ice breakup and freeze-up dates and ice-free season length at 24 grid points were generated from sea-ice charts. The temporal analyses indicated a spatially nuanced response to a warming climate with statistically significant earlier breakup dates, later freeze-up dates and longer ice-free seasons, consistent with previous work. Freeze-up dates and ice-free season length correlated strongly with coincident air temperatures. This link was weaker for breakup dates, as also found in nearby Hudson Bay and Hudson Strait, and likely reflects dependence on antecedent sea-ice and ocean temperature conditions. The spatial analysis revealed patterns in sea-ice behaviour consistent with the ocean flow regime in the basin and the presence of polynyas along its west coast. The spatial clustering was not as predictably coherent as in Hudson Bay and Hudson Strait, which does not bode well for navigation in this region.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".