Seasonal sea ice of Foxe Basin, Canada: Spatial and temporal evolution, 1971–2018
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Hudson Bay System of the Canadian Arctic includes Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait and Foxe Basin, with Foxe Basin being the least studied from a climatological perspective. We examined the temporal and spatial variation of seasonal sea ice in Foxe Basin, using time series and spatial clustering analyses. For the period of 1971 to 2018, time series of sea-ice breakup and freeze-up dates and ice-free season length at 24 grid points were generated from sea-ice charts. The temporal analyses indicated a spatially nuanced response to a warming climate with statistically significant earlier breakup dates, later freeze-up dates and longer ice-free seasons, consistent with previous work. Freeze-up dates and ice-free season length correlated strongly with coincident air temperatures. This link was weaker for breakup dates, as also found in nearby Hudson Bay and Hudson Strait, and likely reflects dependence on antecedent sea-ice and ocean temperature conditions. The spatial analysis revealed patterns in sea-ice behaviour consistent with the ocean flow regime in the basin and the presence of polynyas along its west coast. The spatial clustering was not as predictably coherent as in Hudson Bay and Hudson Strait, which does not bode well for navigation in this region.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".