Clinical presentations and complications of lichen sclerosus: A systematic review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic, inflammatory dermatosis most commonly characterized by changes in skin pigmentation and pruritus, with associated dyspareunia and genital architectural changes. There are a variety of complications associated with LS, which further worsen a patient's health-related quality of life. A systematic review was conducted to summarize the literature regarding clinical features of LS, as well as LS-associated complications. In total, 900 studies were included, which represented 17,011 clinical presentations and 2,795 complications of LS in women, and 5,745 clinical presentations and 769 complications of LS in men. In both sexes, the majority of reported cases (77% in females, 99% in males) localized to the genitals. In women, presentations were spread amongst loss of normal architecture (14%), pigmentary changes (21%) and pruritus (18%), whereas in men a greater portion of cases presented with architectural alterations (34%), as well as pigmentary changes (15%) and urogenital symptoms (15%). Other classes of LS-associated presentations included textural changes, atrophy, pain/burning/discomfort, erosions/ulcerations/excoriations, bleeding/bruising/purpura, defecatory symptoms and bullae. A small portion of cases found in the literature presented with asymptomatic LS. LS-associated complications included skin neoplasms, urogenital issues and sexual dysfunction, including dyspareunia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.008 | 0.010 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".