Surface Plasmon Mediated Angular and Wavelength Tunable Retroreflectors Using Parallel-Superimposed Surface Relief Bi-Gratings
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study presents the design and fabrication of light retroreflectors utilizing surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in parallel-superimposed bi-grating structures. The bi-gratings were inscribed onto a thin azobenzene molecular glass film via photolithography and subsequently coated with a thin gold layer to support SPR. The two superimposed gratings operate in tandem, with one grating coupling incident light into the SPR mode and the other coupling it back out toward the light source, thereby achieving retroreflection. Monochromatic retroreflection is demonstrated for a target wavelength (785 nm) at angles from 5° to 10°, while multi-wavelength retroreflection is achieved for red, orange, and green wavelengths at corresponding angles. The findings highlight the potential of these bi-gratings for applications in optical sensing, communication, and advanced photonic systems, where compact, tunable, and angularly responsive designs are essential.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".