Divergent effect of predator presence on gut morphology shows parallel patterns in congeneric species
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Understanding the mechanisms driving parallel evolution across species and populations is fundamental to evolutionary biology. We investigated the parallel phenotypic divergence of trophic morphology in response to predation pressure in two recently described congeneric species of poeciliid fish, Phalloceros harpagos and Phalloceros anisophallos. By comparing populations from high and low predation environments with similar environmental characteristics, we aimed to isolate the effect of predation on trophic traits while controlling the effect of other sources of environmental variation. We found that populations experiencing high predation pressure had shorter guts, which is indicative of a more carnivorous diet, compared to populations in low predation environments. This parallel divergence in trophic morphology suggests that predation indirectly influences per-capita resource availability, driving convergent ecological characteristics in different species of Phalloceros. Our study highlights the importance of considering indirect effects of predation on trophic traits and provides insights into the mechanisms underlying parallel phenotypic divergence. This is one of the few field studies that has directly tested parallel phenotypic divergence, within and between species, focusing on one agent of selection and minimizing the confounding effect of other environmental sources of variation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".