Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction The United Nations’ (UN’s) zero- tolerance policy (ZTP) against sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) targets three broad types of sexual interaction or relationships involving peacekeepers: sex with minors under the age of 18 (section 3.2(b)); transactional sex, defined in the policy as the ‘exchange of money, employment, goods or services for sex, including sexual favours or other forms of humiliating, degrading or exploitative behaviour’ as well as ‘any exchange of assistance that is due to beneficiaries of assistance’ (section 3.2(c)); and non- transactional sexual relationships between UN staff and ‘beneficiaries of assistance’ (section 3.2(d)). The policy invokes a blanket prohibition on both sex with minors and transactional sex; sexual relationships with beneficiaries of assistance are not banned, but instead ‘strongly discouraged’ on the grounds that ‘they are based on inherently unequal power dynamics’ and ‘undermine the credibility and integrity of the work of the United Nations’ (United Nations Secretary- General, 2003: 2). Enforcement of the policy is largely dependent on reporting by the victim/ accuser or people in their circle, or by the peacekeepers’ colleagues, acquaintances, or witnesses to the act or relationship. The breadth of the policy, its lack of precision and the essentially arbitrary nature of its enforcement have come under scrutiny almost since the moment of its passage. Critiques have focused on both the difficulties of enforcing the ZTP and the assumptions underpinning it (Jennings, 2008, 2010; Otto, 2009; Simić, 2012; Henry, 2013; McGill, 2014; Westendorf, 2023a, 2023b). This chapter is in the latter tradition. It problematizes how the ZTP represents the notion of consent by both peacekeepers and beneficiaries of assistance. I argue that the ZTP writes into regulation narrow understandings of sexual intimacy against puritanical and contested conditions for consent, in contexts characterized by complex power relations between interveners and residents. The ZTP places power in sexual interactions and relationships always in the person of the (presumed male) peacekeeper. In terms of ‘strongly discouraged’ sexual relationships, the ZTP implies both that the peacekeeper will be the most (economically) powerful partner and that economic power determines whether consent is genuine or even possible.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.048 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.024 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".