Three-dimensional movement and distribution of <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and <i>Cryptolestes ferrugineus</i> (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) in stored wheat at different temperatures and at different times
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Understanding the movement and distribution patterns of insects is crucial for developing effective stored grain management protocols. This research investigates 3-dimensional movement and distribution of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) separately at different temperatures (5, 10, 20, and 30°C) and for different movement periods (1, 2, 3, and 24 h) in stored wheat with a uniform moisture content of 14.5% (wet basis). The experiments were conducted in a wooden container with internal dimensions of 0.7 × 0.7 × 0.7 m. The wheat was filled into 343 mesh cubes (referred to as cubes), each measuring 0.1 × 0.1 × 0.1 m, arranged in 7 layers after being loaded into the container. One hundred insects were introduced into the center cube (the center of the container) at the start of each experiment. After the desired movement period, the cubes were removed in less than 45 min from the wooden container. The wheat in each cube was wrapped in labeled plastic bags, sieved, and the insects were recovered and counted. Results indicated that both species exhibited movement speeds > 7.2 m/d in vertical and horizontal directions at higher temperatures (20 and 30°C). At lower temperatures (5 and 10°C), their vertical speed was higher than their horizontal speed. Tribolium castaneum ceased movement at 5°C, whereas ~13% of C. ferrugineus adults continued to move at this temperature. The drift effect and geotaxis influenced the movement and distribution of both species in the vertical direction, while their horizontal movement followed a diffusion pattern.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".