Clinical profile and serum Vitamin D level among dementia patients: An Insight from Ethiopia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency is linked with the risk of developing dementia and Alzheimer disease. There is paucity of data on serum vitamin D level among patients from tropical countries such as Ethiopia. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and associated factors among Alzheimer disease and related dementia patients in Ethiopia. METHOD: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among patients presented with cognitive complaints and diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease or Alzheimer's disease related dementia at Lancet General Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from November 1 - August 30, 2023. Sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained at presentation with serum vitamin D level determined subsequently. Cognitive test was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic (MOCA-B). Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis were done and measures of estimated crude and adjusted odds ratio with95% CI were constructed and a p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULT: A total of 60 adult patients with dementia were enrolled. The mean (SD) age of dementia patients was 69.4 (1.56) years and 56% were male. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 70% and the mean serum vitamin D level was 23.94 (1.55) ng/ml. Amnestic variant AD was detected in 45% of the participants followed by vascular dementia (35%) and Parkinson disease dementia (10%). HIV associated dementia was diagnosed in 6% of the participants. Hypertension was the most prevalent (45%) comorbidity reported in our dementia cohort. Severe vitamin D deficiency (serum vitamin D level < 10 ng/ml) was negatively association with disease severity (p = 0.01) and increased age (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Vitamin D deficiency was prevalent in Ethiopian dementia patients. There were strong associations between severe vitamin D deficiency and dementia severity and increment in age.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".