Atomic Cluster Outperforms Single Atom in Hydrogen Evolution and Hydrazine Oxidation for Energy‐Efficient Water Splitting
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The hydrazine‐assisted water splitting (HzAWS) is promising for energy‐saving hydrogen production. However, developing efficient bifunctional catalysts that exert hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR) at industrial‐grade current densities remains challenging. Here, Ru C ‐NiCoP catalyst, ruthenium clusters (Ru C ) immobilized onto NiCoP, is developed to elucidate the superior performance of Ru C in enhancing bifunctional electrocatalytic activity over ruthenium single atoms (Ru SA ). The Ru C ‐NiCoP achieves current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm −2 for HER and HzOR with working potentials of −10 and −89 mV, respectively, outperforming Ru SA ‐NiCoP (−16 and −65 mV). During HzAWS, a cell voltage reduction of 1.77 V at 300 mA cm −2 is observed compared to overall water splitting. Density functional theory calculations reveal that Ru C improves the adsorption energy for H 2 O and N 2 H 4 , optimizes the H* intermediate desorption, and reduces the dehydrogenation barrier from *N 2 H 3 to *N 2 H 2 . Additionally, the direct hydrazine fuel cell with a Ru C ‐NiCoP anode delivers an impressive power density of 226 mW cm −2 and enables a self‐powered hydrogen production system, achieving an unprecedented hydrogen production rate of 4.9 mmol cm −2 h −1 . This work offers a new perspective on developing efficient sub‐nanoscale bifunctional electrocatalysts and advancing practical energy‐saving hydrogen production techniques.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".