Oxidative imbalance as a co-player in jaw functional limitations and biopsychosocial profile in patients with temporomandibular disorder—myofascial pain with referral
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Temporomandibular disorders have a multifactorial etiology including biological, biomechanical, neuromuscular, and biopsychosocial factors. Current research on temporomandibular disorders focuses on identifying clinically relevant biomarkers thus creating a new way of thinking about this dysfunction. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between salivary/blood concentrations of oxidative/nitrosative stress biomarkers and biopsychosocial findings in patients with temporomandibular disorder-myofascial pain with referral. Methods: The sample enrolled a total of 26 individuals with temporomandibular myofascial pain with referral (twenty women, six men). The procedure included clinical examination according to the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders, saliva and blood collection. Biochemical analysis concerned, among others, the content of reduced glutathione, uric acid, total antioxidant capacity, advanced glycation end products, malondialdehyde, total lipid hydroperoxides, kynurenine, N-formylkynurenine, and peroxynitrite. All determinations were considered with respect to the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Jaw Functional Limitation Scale-20 (JFLS-20), Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results and discussion: The average age of participants was 24.2 ± 1.23. High content of kynurenine and N-formylkynurenine in plasma was related to intensified psychological distress (PHQ-4) and anxiety (GAD-7). Low concentration of plasma malondialdehyde and total lipid hydroperoxides was linked with severe somatization (PHQ-15) and stress (PSS-10), respectively. Reduced levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants were associated with greater jaw functional mobility restrictions as well as limited mastication and communication factor with respect to JFLS-20. These findings indicate that oxidative stress biomarkers are significantly related to the biopsychosocial profile in patients with temporomandibular disorder.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".