Acute and Subchronic Toxicity of 6PPD-Quinone to Early Life Stage Lake Trout (<i>Salvelinus namaycush</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-Q) is a rubber-tire derivative which leaches into surface waters from roadway runoff, from tire particles and has been identified as a possible driver of urban runoff mortality syndrome in coho salmon. Sensitivity to this toxicant is highly variable across fish species and life stages. With environmental concentrations meeting or exceeding toxicity thresholds in sensitive fishes, the potential for ecologically relevant effects is significant. There is currently no data regarding the sensitivity of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) to 6PPD-Q. As early life stages of fishes are typically more sensitive than adults, the goal of this study was to evaluate the acute and subchronic toxicity of 6PPD-Q to early life stage lake trout. Alevins exposed from hatch until 45 days posthatch (dph) to time-weighted average 6PPD-Q concentrations ranging from 0.22 to 13.5 μg/L exhibited a 45 day median lethal dose (LC50) of 0.39 μg/L. Deformities throughout growth were observed, with a unique pooling of blood observed in the caudal fin and eye. A subsequent acute study with exogenously feeding lake trout fry determined a 96 h LC50 of 0.50 μg/L. From this study we can conclude that lake trout alevins and exogenously feeding fry are sensitive to 6PPD-Q, which underscores the relevance of this chemical to inland freshwater ecosystems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".