A 2.2–3 GHz Non‐Quadrature Vector‐Sum Phase Shifter With Low‐Phase Error and Based on Coarse‐Fine Tuning
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT This letter presents the design and implementation of a novel analog phase shifter architecture based on generating and synthesizing non‐quadrature vector signals. The phase shift is achieved through coarse and fine‐tuning. The coarse tuning is executed by the path selectors of the generated phase vectors, whereas tunable passive attenuators do the fine‐tuning. The proposed phase shifter was implemented on a commercial PCB and tested at 2.6 GHz center frequency. The fabricated protocol generates a 360° continuous phase shift from 2.2 to 3 GHz with an RMS gain imbalance of 1.1 dB at the center frequency. Moreover, the measured RMS phase error is 0.115° at the center frequency and less than 2° within the bandwidth, which is ultra‐low for an RF phase shifter. With a size of 1.2 × 0.8 , the fabricated phase shifter consumes a small DC power of about 6.2 mW, which is smaller than the power consumed by most vector modulators.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".