Inferring atmospheric sources of gaseous organophosphate esters from spatial patterns
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have emerged as pervasive environmental contaminants, with concentrations often exceeding those of traditional flame retardants and plasticizers by orders of magnitude. Here, we present concentrations of OPEs in the atmospheric gas phase collected using passive air samplers deployed in the coastal regions of Quebec and British Columbia in southern Canada. Four OPEs, i.e., tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), and tris (phenyl) phosphate (TPhP) were reliably and ubiquitously detected, with TCPP showing the highest level, followed by TBP. Concentration levels of TCPP and TCEP are correlated with each other and with population, possibly indicating emission from consumer products. Spatial patterns of TBP and TPhP are more indicative of industrial usage, with airports possibly being a major source for TBP. The positive relationships between atmospheric OPEs and population are influenced by ambient temperature, whereby the size of the populated area around a sampling site influencing the air concentration appears to be decreasing at higher temperatures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".