Study protocol: A systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factors for the first-ever foot ulcers in patients with diabetes.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<ns3:p> Background Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a serious complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), significantly contributing to mortality and morbidity in this population. Annually, approximately 18.6 million people with DM develop DFUs, with up to 34% experiencing a foot ulcer during their lifetime. DFUs are a leading cause of limb and life-threatening infections, lower limb amputations, and increased hospitalisations. Despite these public health challenges, there is a lack of research focusing on the primary prevention of DFUs, particularly the prevention of first-ever ulceration. Objectives To systematically review and synthesise research evidence and meta-analysis of previous research findings and derive conclusions regarding risk factors for the development of first-ever foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. Methods and analysis Four English and three Chinese databases will be utilised to identify eligible studies reporting risk factors for the first-ever foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. Two independent researchers will review the literature, extract relevant data, and assess the risk of bias of included studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and standardised mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for nominal and continuous data will be calculated employing either a fixed-effects or random-effects model based on heterogeneity ( <ns3:italic>I</ns3:italic> ² < 50% for fixed-effects and <ns3:italic>I</ns3:italic> ² > 50% for random-effects models). All statistical analyses will be conducted using Stata Software Version 16. Systematic review registration PROSPERO (CRD42024508855) </ns3:p>
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".