Variation in cadmium concentration in seed and its association with phenotypic traits of 166 diverse flax (<i>Linum usitatissimum</i> L.) pure lines grown in western Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Four field trials were conducted in western Canada in 2020 and 2021 to assess cadmium (Cd) concentration in seed from 166 pure lines of flax originating from 26 countries that were derived by single seed descent from a genetically diverse flax core collection preserved by Plant Gene Resources of Canada. Associations of Cd concentration with morphological and phenological traits, as well as the country of origin were considered. The mean Cd concentration in the seed ranged from 0.31 to 1.50 mg/kg with an overall mean value of 0.93 ± 0.22 mg/kg. The Cd in the soil from the field sites ranged from 0.35 to 2.80 mg/kg and was positively correlated with the Cd concentration in the seed harvested from the respective sites. The consistency of the Cd concentration in the seed of pure lines across the four site-years was low, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.35 to 0.53. Pure lines with consistently low Cd concentration in the seed were identified and may be useful for breeding linseed cultivars for human consumption while pure lines with consistently high Cd concentration might be used for phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soils. Cd concentration in the seed was not significantly correlated with thousand seed weight, plant height, petal colour, seed colour, or country of origin. As a tendency, the longer the vegetative period and the later the accessions matured, the more Cd they accumulated in the seed. For linseed production in western Canada, choosing locations with a low Cd content in the soil is very important when growing flax for human consumption or feed use.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".