Real-Time Sit-to-Stand Phase Classification With a Mobile Assistive Robot From Close Proximity Utilizing 3D Visual Skeleton Recognition
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sit-to-stand (STS) transfer is a fundamental but challenging movement that plays a vital role in older adults' daily activities. The decline in muscular strength and coordination ability can result in difficulties performing STS and, therefore, the need for mobility assistance by humans or assistive devices. Robotics rollators are being developed to provide active mobility assistance to older adults, including STS assistance. In this paper, we consider the robotic walker SkyWalker, which can provide active STS assistance by moving the handles upwards and forward to bring the user to a standing configuration. In this context, it is crucial to monitor if the user is performing the STS and adapt the rollator's control accordingly. To achieve this, we utilized a standard vision-based method for estimating the human pose during the STS movement using Mediapipe pose tracking. Since estimating a user's state from extreme proximity to the camera is challenging, we compared the pose identification results from Mediapipe to ground truth data obtained from Vicon marker-based motion capture to assess accuracy and reliability of the STS motion. The fourteen kinematic features critical for accurate pose estimation were selected based on literature review and the specific requirements of our robot's STS method. By employing these features, we have implemented a phase classification system that enables the SkyWalker to classify the user's STS phase in real-time. The selected kinematics from vision-based human state estimation method and trained classifier can be furthermore generalized to other types of motion support, including adaptive STS path planning and emergency stops for safety insurance during STS.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".