The ILO’s Governance of Forced Labour
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The ILO seized on the reference to ‘forced labour’ in the definition of human trafficking in the UN protocol to carve out a prominent role as a key knowledge producer in the global antislavery governance network. This chapter describes how the ILO’s Forced Labour Convention treats consent as the mark of free labour. Despite this narrow understanding, it argues that, by diagnosing forced labour as a problem resulting from the failure of labour market regulation, the ILO’s prescription extends well beyond unfree labour. It also explains how the traditional territorial format of the ILO’s governance authority, which is rooted in a national sovereignty, makes it difficult to regulate forced labour associated with international migration and global supply chains. The ILO’s biggest challenge: to persuade the employers’ organisation, which along with states and trade unions are the ILO’s constituents, to agree to a convention to govern global supply chains.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.012 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".