A Review of Central Bank Digital Currency Application in Indonesia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The study explores the prospects and possibilities of the application of a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) in Indonesia, which is widely discussed by Bank Indonesia (BI), using a critical approach from an Islamic perspective. As digital payments and technology disruptions radically change people’s behaviour and the way they conduct transactions, the issue is critical to the existing literature and promoting policy. Using a descriptive-qualitative method, the study identifies the existing literature and the implementation challenges in the Indonesian context, further enhanced by incorporating Islamic viewpoints as a core value. The study revealed that cash-like money still dominates the existing currency distribution, and the socio-economy, including the infrastructure in daily transactions, still relies on the traditional monetary system. The implementation of CBDC in the short term remains risky. From an Islamic perspective on the monetary system, Indonesia does not adopt gold and silver standards as underlying assets for currency issuances. It deviates from the Sharia rules and is a core issue for the monetary system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.010 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".