Examining the relationship between angiopoietin‐2 and cognition in early Alzheimer’s disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Angiopoietin‐2, which regulates endothelial permeability and angiogenesis functions, is emerging as a potential biomarker for early Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Elevated levels of cerebrospinal fluid angiopoietin‐2 concentrations have been found in early AD and may be associated with the breakdown of blood‐brain barrier that can contribute to cognitive decline. There is a lack of research on blood angiopoietin‐2 levels and cognition in early AD. Hence, we examined the association between serum angiopoietin‐2 and global cognition. Method Participants were diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD or mild Alzheimer’s dementia using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 criteria for mild or major neurocognitive disorder. Serum angiopoietin‐2 concentrations (ng/mL) were measured and analyzed using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. Global cognition was assessed by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Linear regression analyses were used to assess the association between angiopoietin‐2 levels and cognition adjusting for covariates selected a priori: age and the presence of cardiovascular risk factors or disease (cardiovascular status). Angiopoietin‐2 levels were log‐transformed prior to analyses due to significant departure from normality in Shapiro‐Wilk tests. Result Of 30 participants [17 (57%) male, 21 (70%) MCI, 22 (73%) with cardiovascular risk factors or disease], the mean (SD) age was 74.8 (8.7), years of education was 16.3 (2.2), MoCA total score was 21.9 (3.4), and angiopoietin‐2 levels were 4.0 (3.6) ng/mL. Higher angiopoietin‐2 was associated with better cognition [F(3,26) = 6.7, p = .002, R2 = .44]. Controlling for age and cardiovascular status, one log angiopoietin‐2 unit was associated with a 4.2 (SE= 2.0) higher score in global cognition (p = .048, f2 = .10). Conclusion In this sample, higher serum angiopoietin‐2 concentrations were associated with better global cognition, controlling for age and cardiovascular status. This relationship supports the potential involvement of angiogenesis in cognitive functions and neurodegenerative diseases and suggests the need for further research to explore cardiovascular functions and cognition in early AD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".