Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Microhemorrhages and superficial siderosis (SS) have been reported in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia, especially in the context of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cerebrovascular disease. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy and small vessel disease (SVD) have both been implicated in microhemorrhages and SS but their prevalence in those with MCI and dementia and their relationship to SVD is unknown. Method We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients with MCI or dementia that had undergone MRI scans from 2014 To 2023. We calculated prevalence of microhemorrhages and SS, analyzed the distribution patterns, and assessed small vessel ischemic changes using the Fazekas scale. Exclusions included traumatic brain injury, large stroke, and subjective cognitive impairment. Result 2852 individuals underwent underwent an MRI for CI and 120 (4.2%, 95% CI: 3.5‐5%) patients had microhemorrhages and/or SS and fulfilled inclusion criteria (mean age 80.52 (9.1) years; 55.8% male). Of the patients with hemorrhagic findings, 73% had microhemorrhages (mean 7.51 microhemorrhages patient), 7.5% had SS and 19.2% exhibited both. The microhemorrhages were deep (25.8%), lobar (35.0%), and mixed (39.2%). Fazekas rating scale was 0 in 0.8% of patients with microhemorrhages, 1 in 34.2%, 2 in 44.2%, and 3 in 20.8%. The most prevalent diagnoses in patients with hemorrhagic findings were mixed vascular and AD dementia (34.2%), vascular CI (25.0 %), AD (18.3%), vascular MCI(7.5%), MCI due to possible AD (4.2%), Parkinson/Lewy Body dementia (5.0%), dementia NYD (4.2%), frontotemporal dementia (0.8%), and progressive supranuclear palsy (0.8%). Common comorbidities included hypertension (70.0%), dyslipidemia (50.0%), and ischemic heart disease (25.8%). Conclusion 4% of patients investigated for cognitive impairment have microhemorrhages and/or SS. Most of the patients had CI due to AD and/or vascular disease. Mild or moderate SVD as indicated by Fazekas scale was common as was hypertension. The etiology of microhemorrhages and SS is likely multi‐factorial and SVD may contribute to their presence, but hypertension may be an independent risk factor that warrants further investigation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".