A Typology of Relationalizing and Absolutizing Morphology in Lowland South American Languages
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In many languages of lowland South America, nominal, verbal, and adpositional/adverbial stems are divided into two large classes, relational and absolute, according to whether or not they demand a complement in a specific position, respectively. After proposing a working definition of relationality with wide cross-linguistic applicability, we offer a typology of the morphological devices that convert stems from either of these classes to the other, surveying various parameters for describing such relationalizing and absolutizing morphology (RAM). These include directionality, productivity, pervasiveness of relational lability, existence of suppletive pairs, relationality preservation in derivation, and the possibility of RAM stacking. We observe that restricted relational lability is a strong areal feature in Eastern South America. Finally, we discuss so-called contiguity inflection, a category that has been proposed for a number of South American languages, and show that it is epiphenomenal and can be decomposed into RAM and person inflection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".