Root–soil interface friction jointly amplified by high root density and shear deflection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Plant roots significantly enhance the stability of shallow slopes. However, the mechanism of the root–soil interaction at root-bundle scale remains unclear. The objective of this study is to reveal the factors that control root–soil interface frictional stress at root-bundle scale. Through theoretical analysis, it is clarified that spatiotemporal inhomogeneity exists in root–soil interface frictional stress, and it could be amplified by root density and root deflection angle. Large-scale shear tests with 160 and 10 mm shear zones were then conducted to verify this hypothesis, where variations in shear zone thicknesses corresponded to different shear deflections. The number of roots was measured within the sheared zone. Results reveal that the average root–soil interface frictional stress of rooted soils with 10 mm shear zone is 66% higher than that for rooted soils with 160 mm shear zone. During the shear process, the state of roots transitions from stretching to sliding, accompanied by increasing root–soil interface friction. This study confirms that root–soil interface frictional stress is jointly amplified by root density and root deflection angle, providing robust evidence for constructing physics-based mechanical reinforcement models.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".