Cooperation, Mutual Respect, and Societal Commitment: Meanings of Gotong-Royong in Indonesian Social Studies School-textbooks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The study aims to explore the meanings of gotong-royong, a core national and cultural value in Indonesia, as it is presented and disseminated in the Social Studies curriculum, particularly at the lower secondary level. Since introducing character education in 2017, the Ministry of Education and Culture has sought to promote the value of gotong-royong among students to foster and maintain a peaceful and harmonious society. This research involved a quantitative and qualitative content analysis of 11 Social Studies textbooks published and used in Indonesian schools over the past decade. The analysis examined the forms and meanings of gotong-royong presented to students in various social and cultural contexts. The findings revealed three general meanings associated with gotong-royong: (i) cooperation and social support (56%), (ii) mutual respect for all members of society (33%); and (iii) societal commitment (8%). Although the meanings of gotong-royong are not equally represented, the study found that this value has been readily adopted and integrated into the local and national civic and social values presented in the Social Studies textbooks for lower secondary education.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".