A Comparison of Glucose and Additional Signals for Three Different Exercise Types in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Using a Hybrid Closed-Loop System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: To compare glycemic outcomes during and following moderate-intensity exercise (MIE), high-intensity interval exercise (HIE), and resistance exercise (RE) in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) using a hybrid closed-loop (HCL) insulin pump while measuring additional physiological signals associated with activity. Methods: Twenty-eight adolescents (average age 16.3 ± 2.1 years, 50% females, average duration of T1D 9.4 ± 4 years) using HCL (Medtronic MiniMed 670G) undertook 40 min of MIE, HIE, and RE. A temporary glucose target (8.3 mmol/L, 150 mg/dL) was set for 2 h prior and during exercise. Heart rate, accelerometer, venous glucose, lactate, ketones, and counter-regulatory hormones were measured for 280 min postexercise commencement. The primary outcome was glucose percentage time in range (TIR): 3.9–10 mmol/L (70–180 mg/dL) for 14 h from exercise onset. Results: Median (interquartile range) TIR for HIE was 88 (78, 96)%, MIE 79 (63, 88)%, and RE 86 (72, 95)% for 14 h from exercise onset. For MIE compared with HIE, TIR was lower ( P = 0.012) and time above range (TAR) was greater (18 [2.4, 28] vs. 6.9 [0.0, 14]%, P = 0.041). Hypoglycemia occurred in 13 (46%), 11 (39%), and 14 (50%) of participants for HIE, MIE, and RE, respectively, the majority following the meal after exercise. There were higher levels of lactate ( P = 0.001), growth hormone ( P = 0.001), noradrenaline ( P = 0.001), and heart rate ( P = 0.01) during HIE and RE compared with MIE. Conclusions : HCL use in adolescents with T1D results in excellent TIR during different forms of exercise when a temporary target is set 2 h before. Extending the temporary target after exercise may also be needed to help minimize postexercise hypoglycemia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".