Interfacial Oxygen Vacancy‐Copper Pair Sites on Inverse CeO<sub>2</sub>/Cu Catalyst Enable Efficient CO<sub>2</sub> Electroreduction to Ethanol in Acid
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Renewable electricity‐driven electrochemical reduction of CO 2 offers a promising route for the production of high‐value ethanol. However, the current state of this technology is hindered by low selectivity and productivity, primarily due to a limited understanding of the atomic‐level active sites involved in ethanol formation. Herein, we identify that the interfacial oxygen vacancy‐neighboring Cu (O v ‐Cu) pair sites are the active sites for CO 2 electroreduction to ethanol. A linear correlation between the density of O v ‐Cu pair sites and ethanol productivity is experimentally evidenced. Moreover, a high Faradaic efficiency of 48.5 % and a partial current density of 344.0 mA cm −2 for ethanol production are achieved over the inverse CeO 2 /Cu catalyst with a high density of O v ‐Cu pair sites in acid. Mechanistic studies that combine density functional theory calculations and spectroscopic techniques propose an O v ‐involved mechanism where interfacial O v sites directly activate and dissociate CO 2 into *CO in a thermodynamically spontaneous manner, thus favoring the subsequent *CHO formation and asymmetric CHO‐CO coupling. Besides, the asymmetric O v ‐Cu pair sites could preferentially stabilize the *CH 2 CHOH intermediate, resulting in the favorable formation of ethanol over ethylene. Our findings provide new atomic‐level insights into CO 2 electroreduction to ethanol, paving the way for the rational design of future catalysts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".