Orientation effect and locational variation in elastic-plastic compressive properties of bovine cortical bone
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bone is a highly heterogeneous and anisotropic material with a hierarchical structure. The effect of diaphysis locations and directions of loading on elastic-plastic compressive properties of bovine femoral cortical bone was examined in this study. The impact of location and loading directions on elastic-plastic compressive properties of cortical bone was found to be statistically insignificant in this study. The variances of most of the compressive properties were also observed to be location and directionality independent except for the locational differences in modulus of resilience (distal to central for longitudinal loading) and plastic work (central to distal for transverse loading) as well as differences in variances of the modulus of resilience and elastic modulus values for two directions of loading. The micro-mechanisms of cortical bone failure for longitudinal and transverse directions of loading were considered to be responsible for the difference in variances in the later properties values as well as for the maximum and minimum coefficient of variation (CV) obtained for compressive properties in two directions of loading. The representative cubical volume at the tested hierarchical level contained all unique microstructural features of the plexiform bone and therefore produced the homogeneous and isotropic elastic-plastic compressive properties of cortical bone. It is expected that the outcome of this study may be helpful in the area of bone tissue engineering and finite element simulation of cortical bone.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".