Bronchial vessel density is correlated with airway smooth muscle cell proliferation in horses with mild and moderate asthma
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: In severe equine asthma, structural remodeling of the airways ultimately leads to bronchial wall thickening and airflow obstruction. Increased bronchial vascularization has been described in horses affected by the severe form of the disease, but whether it contributes to bronchial remodeling in milder forms of asthma remains to be determined. In a blinded, retrospective case-control study, we evaluated the presence of bronchial angiogenesis in horses with mild and moderate equine asthma (MEA) and its correlation to airway smooth muscle remodeling. METHODS: Endobronchial biopsies from the Equine Respiratory Tissue Biobank collected between August 14, 2014, and May 31, 2019, from 9 horses with MEA and 7 healthy controls were studied. The vascular basement membrane was identified by immunohistochemistry, allowing the measurement of the number of bronchial vessels, vascular area, and mean vessel size by histomorphometry. The correlations between angiogenic parameters, airway smooth muscle (ASM) remodeling features, and airway neutrophilia were studied. RESULTS: No differences between groups were observed for the angiogenic parameters evaluated. The number of vessels was correlated to ASM cell proliferation in MEA horses (Spearman r = 0.73) but not in controls. Airway neutrophilia correlated negatively with mean vessel size in horses with MEA (Pearson r = -0.83) but not in control horses. CONCLUSIONS: Major changes in bronchial vascularization do not occur in central airways in MEA. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Contrary to previous findings in horses with severe equine asthma, angiogenesis is not a prominent feature of MEA, but it might be associated with ASM remodeling.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".