Cerebral and cognitive correlates of olfactory functioning in older adults at risk of Alzheimer’s disease: preliminary results from the CIMA‐Q Cohort
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Olfactory identification is impaired in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), including mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This early sensory impairment could result from several factors such as early cognitive or structural cerebral damages caused by the disease. It is however not clear which factors are contributing the most to the olfactory impairment in older people at risk of developing AD. The aim of this study was to explore and determine the cerebral and cognitive correlates of olfactory identification functioning in a cohort of older adults at risk of developing AD. Method Here we report preliminary data on 16 participants with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) (mean age: 76.58, SD: 5.53) and 17 patients with MCI (mean age: 79.94, SD: 7.06) from the Consortium for the Early Identification of Alzheimer’s Disease‐Quebec (CIMA‐Q). Olfactory assessment was completed using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), while episodic memory was assessed using the Logical Memory subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scale. All participants underwent a clinical examination and neuropsychological assessment. Further, grey matter volume (GMV) of olfactory‐related structures was extracted using CAT12 in a subgroup of 16 participants for whom MRI data were available. Result The UPSIT score was significantly correlated with the Logical Memory immediate recall score in the MCI group (r = .53, p = .03) but not in the SCD group (r = ‐.26, p = .33). No significant differences were found regarding olfactory identification between both groups (p = .75). Bilateral middle cingulate cortex (r = .51, p = .04) and caudate (r = .51, p = .04) GMV were correlated to the UPSIT score, while no significant correlation was found for other structures (p > .05). Conclusion These preliminary data suggest that short‐term episodic memory, as well as GMV of middle cingulate cortex and caudate are related to olfactory identification in older adults at risk of AD. Future studies to validate these findings will incorporate more participants from the CIMA‐Q cohort.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".