Sex Differences in the Associations of Cardiorespiratory Fitness with Executive function, Episodic Memory, and Global Cognition in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background A potential mechanism underpinning the cognitive benefits from physical activity and aerobic exercise is cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Greater cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was associated with better executive function, short‐term memory, and global cognition in older adults without cognitive impairment. Sex differences in CRF has been established in adults. However, sex differences in the associations between CRF and cognition have been limitedly studied among older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Method This study examined sex differences in the associations of CRF with executive function, episodic memory, and global cognition in community‐dwelling older adults with amnestic MCI. Baseline data from the Aerobic exercise and Cognitive Training (ACT) Trial that tests the cognitive effects and mechanisms of 6‐month combined aerobic exercise and cognitive training were used. CRF was measured by peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) in a laboratory‐based symptom‐limited peak cycle‐ergometer test. Executive function was measured with the EXAMINER that calculates 3 sub‐domain composite scores on working memory, cognitive control, and fluency, episodic memory with the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test‐Revised learning and delayed recall, and global cognition with Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Covariates included demographics, body‐mass index, comorbidities, activities of daily living, depression, and premorbid intellect. Regressions were performed. Result On average, the participants (N = 142) were 73.8±5.8 years of age with 16.9±2.9 years of education, 87.3% White, 51.4% male, and 69.7% married. Their VO2peak was 17.1±5.0 mL/kg/min. After controlling for covariates, VO2peak was related to executive function (β = 0.037, SE = .015, p<.05) and episodic memory (b = .590, SE = .226, p<.05), but not global cognition (b = .074, SE = .055, p > .05). The associations of VO2peak with executive function (b = .063, SE = .024, p<.05) and episodic memory (b = 1.008, SE = .312, p<.01) were significant for males only. Conclusion Our findings show that VO2peak was associated with executive function and working memory in the overall sample and males. Future studies need to examine longitudinal changes of CRF in preclinical AD and MCI to better understand of its sex‐differential impact on cognition and personalize exercise interventions on targeted cognitive domains based on sex.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".