The political power of Muslim social capital in Europe and North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The social lives of Muslims living in the West are often regarded with suspicion, based on the assumption that social embeddedness within a Muslim community compromises more widespread integration and social cohesion. This article tests these claims by examining the relationship between Muslim social capital and political participation. Using original data from 2,341 Muslims in Canada, France, Germany, the UK, and the US, it finds that Muslim structural, cognitive, and civic social capital all support political participation. Within structural capital, both bonding and bridging networks are positively associated with mainstream political activities, but bonding networks predict protest activities. Very few indicators of social capital share a negative relationship with participation, and the two that do (trust in the government, size of close friend group) only suppress protest, which may suggest that they capture civic satisfaction. There are some national-level differences in political participation after controlling for other variables, but not many, suggesting similar mechanisms mobilize and facilitate Muslim political participation across national contexts. These findings should be a relief those who are concerned that Muslim networks are encouraging withdrawal.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".