<scp>TDP‐43</scp> Cryptic <scp>RNAs</scp> in Perry Syndrome: Differences across Brain Regions and <scp>TDP‐43</scp> Proteinopathies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Perry syndrome (PS) is a rare and fatal hereditary autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in dynactin (DCTN1). PS brains accumulate inclusions positive for ubiquitin, transactive-response DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43), and to a lesser extent dynactin. OBJECTIVES: Little is known regarding the contributions of TDP-43, an RNA binding protein that represses cryptic exon inclusion, in PS. Therefore, we sought to identify the degree of TDP-43 dysfunction in two regions of PS brains. METHODS: We evaluated the levels of insoluble pTDP-43 and TDP-43-regulated cryptic RNAs and protein in the caudate nucleus and substantia nigra of 7 PS cases, 12 cases of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) with TDP-43 pathology, and 11 cognitively healthy controls without TDP-43 pathology. RESULTS: Insoluble pTDP-43 protein levels were detected in PS brains to a similar extent in the caudate nucleus and substantia nigra but lower than those in FTLD brains. The caudate nucleus of PS showed accumulation of eight TDP-43-regulated cryptic RNAs (ACTL6B, CAMK2B, STMN2, UNC13A, KCNQ2, ATG4B, GPSM2, and HDGFL2) and cryptic protein (HDGFL2) characteristic of FTLD. Conversely, only one cryptic target, UNC13A, reached significance in the substantia nigra despite similar pTDP-43 levels. CONCLUSION: We detected TDP-43 cryptic RNAs and protein in PS caudate nucleus. Given the importance of cryptic exon biology in the development of biomarkers, and the identification of novel targets for therapeutic intervention, it is imperative we understand the consequences of TDP-43 dysfunction across different brain regions and determine the targets that are specific and common to TDP-43 proteinopathies. © 2025 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".