Tales from the Elder: Adulteration Issues of Elder Berry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The European elder* (Sambucus nigra L., syn. S. nigra subsp. nigra L., Viburnaceae) is a shallow-rooted tree that can grow up to 10 m (32.8 feet) tall and yields small, round fruit (6-8 mm in diameter) that are dark purple to violet when ripe. The species is distributed throughout most of Europe, from southern Scandinavia to northern Spain, Italy, and Turkey, and east to the Caucasus Mountains.1 It has been introduced to North and South America and Oceania. The native range of a closely related and morphologically similar species, American elder (Sambucus canadensis L., syn. S. nigra subsp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli), extends from Nova Scotia and Quebec south through Florida, the West Indies, and Central America, and west from Manitoba to montane Mexico.2,3 Other medicinally used elder species include the southern elder (S. australis Cham. & Schltdl.), blue elder (S. cerulea Raf.), dwarf elder (S. ebulus L.), Chinese elder (S. javanica subsp. chinensis (Lindl.) Fukuoka, syn. S. chinensis Lindl.), and Williams elder (S. williamsii Hance).4
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".