The Influences of Evaporation and Aquitard on Groundwater Dynamics and Solute Transport in a Tidal Flat With a Slope Break
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Coastal groundwater dynamics and solute transport were influenced by multiple factors including aquitards, tides, evaporation, and slope breaks in coastal aquifers. However, quantification of the impacts of these factors on groundwater flow and salinity distribution remains a challenge. In this study, both field observations and numerical modeling were applied to investigate hydraulic heads and groundwater salinity in a tidal flat with large‐scale seepage faces at Laizhou Bay, China. Results showed that seepage‐face evaporation increased groundwater salinity landward and promoted groundwater and salt exchange within the intertidal zone significantly in comparison to the case without evaporation. Seawater infiltrated the aquifer on the left of the slope break and discharged on the right, forming a groundwater circulation cell, which notably influenced leakage flow between unconfined and confined aquifers through the aquitard. The aquitard prevented approximately 85% of inland freshwater discharge near the slope break, resulting in the formation of two atypical freshwater discharge tubes in the upper and middle intertidal zones. Two additional groundwater circulation cells developed in the lower intertidal zone due to the spring‐neap tidal cycle. The outflow and inflow fluxes over a spring‐neap tidal cycle were numerically estimated to be 1.46 and 1.27 m 2 /d, respectively, with evaporation accounting for 45% of the outflow flux. These findings provide significant insights for further investigations on groundwater dynamics and solute transport in multi‐layered coastal aquifers, and have strong implications for biogeochemical processes within the intertidal zone.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".