Characterization and environmental footprint of crosslinked faba bean starch-based ecofilms reinforced with tunicate cellulose nanocrystals
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The growing demand for sustainable materials has intensified efforts to valorize by-products such as faba bean starch (FBS), a co-product of seed fractionation currently lacking high-value applications. This study investigates the development of ecofilms from crosslinked air classified (65 % starch content) and isolated (95 % starch content) FBS, reinforced with tunicate cellulose nanocrystals (t-CNCs, 0–6 wt% relative to starch dry weight). Isolated FBS films exhibited superior moisture resistance, with an 8.13 % reduction in water vapor permeability (WVP) at 6 wt% t-CNC, while air classified films showed increased WVP upon t-CNC inclusion. Water solubility ranged from 34.35 % to 53.92 %, and the water contact angle decreased slightly due to hydrogen bonding facilitated by surface hydroxyl groups of the starch and t-CNC. Tensile strength (TS) improved to 3.41 MPa in isolated FBS films at 4 wt% t-CNC threshold compared to 2.95 MPa at 4 wt% t-CNC for air FBS classified films, with elongation at break maintained between 20 and 40 % in all the films. SEM analysis revealed increased surface roughness at higher t-CNC concentrations, FTIR confirmed successful component blending, and XRD indicated amorphous film structures. Antimicrobial activity showed efficacy against food spoilage pathogen ( E. coli ), while thermal stability (97 % weight retention at 150 °C), and a low carbon footprint underscore the films' suitability for sustainable food packaging. These results position crosslinked FBS/t-CNC ecofilms as high-performance, sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics, advancing the development of eco-friendly materials for diverse applications. • Crosslinked faba bean starch thin film reinforced with t-CNC was developed. • Composite films exhibited superior TS and YM between 2 − 4 wt% t-CNC threshold. • Synergistic effects of crosslinking and t-CNC imparted notable antimicrobial activity. • Low carbon footprint emphasized sustainability of the process. • Film properties show great potential for moderate heat-sensitive food packaging applications.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it