A cationic liposome-formulated Toll Like Receptor (TLR)7/8 agonist enhances the efficacy of a vaccine against fentanyl toxicity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The U.S. opioid epidemic is an extraordinary public health crisis that started in 1990 and significantly accelerated in the last decade. Since 2020, over 100,000 fatal drug overdoses have been reported annually, and 75% of those involved fentanyl and its analogs (F/FA). Accelerating the translation of innovative, effective, and safe treatments is needed to augment existing measures to counteract such a crisis. Active immunization against F/FA and other opioids represents a promising therapeutic and prophylactic strategy for opioid use disorder (OUD) and opioid-induced overdose toxicity. Previously we demonstrated that the anti-fentanyl vaccine comprising a fentanyl-based hapten (F) conjugated to the diphtheria cross-reactive material (CRM), admixed with the novel lipidated toll-like receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) agonist INI-4001 adsorbed on Alhydrogel ® (alum) induced high-affinity fentanyl-specific polyclonal antibodies that protected against fentanyl-induced pharmacological effects in mice, rats, and mini-pigs. Here, INI-4001 was formulated into liposomes with different surface charges, and their impact on F-CRM adsorption, INI-4001 adjuvanticity, and vaccine efficacy were explored. Additionally, as the role of innate immunity in mediating the efficacy of addiction vaccines is largely unknown, we tested these formulations on the activation of innate immunity in vitro . Cationic INI-4001 liposomes surpassed other liposomal and aluminum-based formulations of INI-4001 by enhancing the efficacy of fentanyl vaccines and protecting rats against bradycardia and respiratory depression by blocking the distribution of fentanyl to the brain. Fentanyl vaccines adjuvanted with either cationic INI-4001 liposomes or the aqueous INI-4001 adsorbed to alum induced significant surface expression of co-stimulatory molecules and maturation markers in a murine dendritic cell line (JAWS II), while the former was superior in enhancing the macrophages surface expression of CD40, CD86 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), indicative of maturation and activation. These results warrant further investigation of liposome-based formulations of TLR7/8 agonists for improving the efficacy of vaccines targeting F/FA and other opioids of public health interest. Graphical abstract
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".