Bibliographic record
Abstract
Incident cases of ulcerative colitis are concentrated in the northern hemisphere, especially in the United States, Canada, Northern Europe, Scandinavia, and Israel. The annual incidence of ulcerative colitis ranges from 0.5–6.3/100,000 people depending on the region studied (1,2) . The peak age-specific incidence occurs near age 20, and a second smaller peak occurs near age 50. The prevalence of ulcerative colitis ranges from 10–70/100,000 people, but a study from Israel calculates prevalence as high as 167/100,000 people (3) . In the U.S., males and females are equally affected, but whites are at much higher risk of developing ulcerative colitis than nonwhites. In Leicester, United Kingdom, South Asian migrants acquire ulcerative colitis at rates of Europeans within the first generation, implying an environmental exposure is important in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (4) . Further evidence for an environmental etiology for ulcerative colitis, especially from an exposure at a young age, is the striking variability in mortality among birth cohorts (5) .
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.111 | 0.064 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".