Static behavior of CFRP-strengthened RC beams subjected to freeze–thaw cycles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Highway bridge durability, particularly in northern climates, presents a significant challenge for civil engineers. With numerous bridges exhibiting structural deficiencies, the importance of bridge rehabilitation cannot be overstated. This study aimed at determining the structural performance of 25 RC beams that were strengthened with carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) sheets. These beams were exposed to different freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs) (100, 200, and 300 cycles) then were tested monotonically up to failure under four-point load test setup. The findings indicate that unanchored strengthened beams experienced a significant decrease of 12.5% in flexural capacity after 300 FTCs. Additionally, there is a notable shift in debonding characteristics, transitioning to adhesive failure at the fiber-reinforced polymers/concrete interface or a mixed mode, deviating from the cohesive failure in the concrete cover. The study concludes that FTC negatively impact the flexural performance of CFRP-strengthened beams, resulting in a reduced load-carrying capacity over time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".