Early Initiation of Bundle Sheath Cells During Leaf Development as Visualised by SCARECROW Expression in Dicotyledonous C<sub>4</sub> Plants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT The C 4 type of dicotyledonous plants exhibit a higher density of reticulate veins than the C 3 type, with a nearly 1:1 ratio of mesophyll cells (MCs) to bundle sheath cells (BSCs). To understand how this C 4 ‐type cell pattern is formed, we identified two SCARECROW (SCR) genes in C 4 Flaveria bidentis, FbSCR1 and FbSCR2 , that fully or partially complement the endodermal cell layer‐defective phenotype of Arabidopsis scr mutant. We then created FbSCRs promoter β‐glucuronidase reporter (GUS) lines of F. bidentis , which showed GUS expression in BSCs and their progenitor cells. The GUS expression pattern in F. bidentis transformants and comparison with the closely related C 3 ‐type Flaveria pringlei revealed that higher‐order veins were initiated in the early leaf developmental stage. Treatment with an auxin polarity transport inhibitor decreased the MC area and led to vein formation without free ends, resulting in the formation of BSCs in positions adjacent to other BSCs. However, BSC differentiation was not affected, as evidenced by BSC specific FbSCR1 expression and RuBisCO accumulation. These results indicate that polar auxin transport is important for MC proliferation and/or differentiation, which leads to the formation of a C 4 ‐type cell pattern in which MCs and BSCs are equally adjacent.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".