Pure CO2 and impure CO2-SO2-NO-O2 reactions with carbon storage site underlying seals: Coaly mudstones and carbonate cemented sandstones
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The transition to net zero emissions requires the capture of carbon dioxide from industrial point sources, and direct air capture (DAC) from the atmosphere for geological storage. Dissolved CO 2 has reactivity to rock core, and while the majority of previous studies have concentrated on reservoir rock or cap-rock reactivity, the underlying seal formation may also react with CO 2 . Drill core from the underlying seal of a target CO 2 storage site was reacted at in situ conditions with pure CO 2 , and compared with an impure CO 2 stream with SO 2 , NO and O 2 that could be expected from hard to abate industries. Argillaceous sandstones, mudstones, coaly mudstones, and carbonate cemented sandstones of the Moolayember Formation, Bowen Basin, had significant natural alteration of feldspar to kaolinite creating porosity, with clays, siderite and textured ankerite filling and rimming porosities of 3.5 to 15.8 %. Synchrotron XFM quantified Mn mainly hosted in siderite veins and cements, Sr and Rb in feldspar, and Pb, Th and Sr in monazite. Pb was also in siderite; with As mainly in pyrite and associated with ankerite. On pure CO 2 or impure CO 2 reaction, ankerite and siderite dissolution, Fe-chlorite leaching, and apatite or sulphide alteration occurred. With the impure CO 2 stream Fe-oxides precipitated on rock surfaces especially in argillaceous sandstone. Ferroan carbonates, calcite, and Fe oxides containing Cr were also precipitated. Ankerite and siderite dissolution released increasing concentrations of dissolved Ca, Mg and Mn from carbonate cemented core that were higher with mixed gas injection. Argillaceous sandstone however released higher concentrations Si, Rb, Co and Zn. Dissolved Fe initially increased then decreased in impure gas experiments via Fe oxide precipitation, and Pb, Ni, Cr, REE also increased and subsequently decreased. Geochemical modelling predicted that Fe was mobilised mainly from reaction of siderite and Fe chlorite. Mainly carbonates (siderite, ankerite) and chlorite dissolution released trace metals, with several metals also initially mobilised by desorption and exchange. Precipitated Fe oxides provided adsorption sites to adsorb a portion of metals from solution. These reactions are also relevant to CO 2 streams from DAC that could be expected to contain O 2 and to potential reactions in overlying aquifers. • Pure and impure CO 2 reactions of CO 2 storage underlying seal core • Carbonate cemented sandstone: ankerite, siderite, sulphide reaction • Argillaceous sandstone: Fe-chlorite, sulphide, apatite corrosion • Release dissolved metals including Mg, Mn, Ca, Fe, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr, REE • Fehydroxide precipitation, adsorption removed Fe, Pb, Ni, Cr, REE
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".