Bibliographic record
Abstract
Self-recording current meter data have revealed patterns of water movement in the vicinity of the Broken Bank, southern North Sea. The M2 harmonic is dominant throughout the area; the M4 component is, however, more distinctive at locations adjacent to the banks within the present study area. This may be indicative of local (topographic) generation of M4 tidal currents. Tidal currents are strongly rectilinear, creating narrow tidal ellipses. The axis of the Broken Bank is, on average, orientated at approximately 20° in an anticlockwise sense to the direction of the dominant flow. Along the eastern flank of the Broken Bank residual flow is directed towards the southeast and is, therefore, largely parallel to the axis of the Broken Bank. Flow along the western flank is more variable, but directed generally towards the northwest. In the swale between the Broken and Well Banks, the observed near-bed residual current direction is in an offshore (northeasterly) direction. Within the present study area, it has been found that linear wave theory does not reproduce accurately wave-induced orbital velocities observed near the sea bed. Concurrently recorded hydrodynamic data reveal that sea bed profiles, interpreted from near-bed photographs, are not controlled explicitly by either waves or currents. Rather, that observed ripple dimensions exhibit some agreement with formulae derived for both wave- and current-dominated conditions. The bed roughness 'felt' by the flow is related here to the ripple height and the angle made between the ripple crests and the direction of tidal current flow. This relationship improves considerably on the performance of existing roughness formulae. Rates of ripple migration have been used to investigate the ability of existing predictive sediment transport formulae to reproduce observed transport rates. A predictive formula has been presented which improves significantly on the performance of existing formulae. Regional sediment transport patterns have been determined using formulae developed as part of the present investigation. These patterns reveal that this area is highly active; critical erosion velocities may be exceeded by up to 77% of the time. Currents along each flank of the Broken Bank are equally capable of transporting sediment. Sediment movement is directed predominantly towards the southeast on the eastern flank and towards the northwest on the western flank.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.991 | 0.995 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".