The Effect of CWTSAW on the Toughness of Heavy-Gauge X70: Part I – Correlating HAZ Microstructure with Cold Wire Feed Rate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effect of cold wire feed rate (CWFR) on martensite-austenite (MA) constituent morphology and prior austenite grain (PAG) size in the heataffected zone (HAZ) of heavy gauge (19.1 mm thick) X70 microalloyed steel welded by cold-wire tandem submerged-arc welding (CWTSAW) was studied. A series of single-pass CWTSAW trials were made using cold wire feed rates (CWFRs) of 0 mm/s, 16.9 mm/s, and 33.9 mm/s, which corresponded to effective heat inputs of 2.9 kJ/mm, 2.6 kJ/ mm, and 2.3 kJ/mm, respectively. The PAG size and MA constituent morphology (area and aspect ratio distribution) were measured using optical microscopy. The average PAG size in the coarsegrained HAZ (CGHAZ) was reduced from 139 μm to 83 μm as the CWFR was increased from 0 mm/s (2.9 kJ/mm) to 33.9 mm/s (2.3 kJ/mm). The total number of MA constituents and the area fraction of MA in the CGHAZ were lowest for the intermediate CWFR of 16.9 mm/s (2.6 kJ/mm).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".